Subsequently, the cells endogenous to the heart—cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells activated via TLRs—respond to the virus infection by releasing cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β, and interferon (IFN)-γ [30, 31]. Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.