Recognition by innate immune receptors was required for SOCS3 expression, since Socs3 mRNA levels after infection were reduced in the Toll-like receptor adaptor molecule MyD88−/− BMM and BMM incubated with a NF-κB inhibitor but not in Irf3−/− BMM (Figure 2A, B and S1A, B). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and infection.