CD4 and Hepatic fibrosis: This study though did not measure the CD4+ counts of the HIV-1+ positive study participants co-infected with S. mansoni. Similarly, in Kenya, there were no significant differences in the distribution of ultrasound-detectable pathology (hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatic fibrosis, periportal fibrosis and gallbladder wall thickness) in HIV-1 positive individuals co-infected with S. mansoni as compared with HIV-1 negative individuals infected with S. mansoni[43].