In sub-Saharan Africa, ART initiation is generally not recommended in people with more than 350 CD4+ cells/μL unless they are co-infected with TB; but some countries have expanded ART guidelines to include ART initiation irrespective of CD4+ count for serodiscordant couples (Zambia and Nigeria), for HIV-positive partners of HIV-negative pregnant women (Burundi), and for HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women (Malawi, Uganda and Zambia). Here, CD4 is linked to tuberculosis.