Further common “metabolic” genes are involved in (chole)sterol homeostasis, including the up-regulated gene HSD11B1 and the down-regulated gene HSD17B4. Another apparently general host response to bacterial pathogens is the activation of the transcription factor HIF-1 by stabilization of the HIF-1α subunit through hypoxic conditions caused by infections or pathogen-induced signaling (Rupp et al., 2007; Werth et al., 2010). Here, HIF1A is linked to infection.