IFNA1 and Autoimmunity: This is despite recent observations that genes encoding TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, and factors in both the TLR- and IFN-signaling pathways are markedly up-regulated prior to the disease onset, i.e., the innate immune phase, and apparently independent of detectable adaptive autoimmunity (Wakamatsu et al., 2007; Devauchelle-Pensec et al., 2010; Obermoser and Pascual, 2010; Peck et al., 2011).