IGF1 and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4: Epidemiological studies clearly indicate that growth hormone and IGF-I deficiency in humans are associated with premature atherosclerosis and increased risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (Rosen and Bengtsson, 1990; Bates et al., 1996; Spallarossa et al., 1996; Bulow et al., 1997; Tomlinson et al., 2001; Juul et al., 2002; Roubenoff et al., 2003; van den Beld et al., 2003; Vasan et al., 2003; Conti et al., 2004; Laughlin et al., 2004; Ungvari and Csiszar, 2012).