Studies in vivo using these models show that the genes coding TGF-β, plasma prorenin, inducible cAMP early repressor, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and aldose reductase involve in the origin and progression of DN, corroborating experimental findings from human association studies. Here, TGFB1 is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.