Statistically significant increase in the expression for syndecan-4 was detected in both NSGCTs (relative fluorescence median ± SE, 0.64 ± 0.11) and seminomas (relative fluorescence median ± SE, 0.79 ± 0.14) (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)), suggesting a higher expression of syndecan-4 by tumour cells or activated stromal cells. Here, SDC4 is linked to seminoma.