They found that the gene expression profile included upregulation of cathepsin S (CTSS) interleukin-8 (IL-8), integrin beta 2 (ITGB2) in moderately overweight individuals and that the profile was similar to that found in obese Pima Indians, concluding that changes were associated with diet-induced changes rather than due to obesity [60]. This evidence concerns the gene CTSS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.