TNF and neoplasm: Importantly, the loss of both IFN-γ and TNF-α resulted in a significant increase in tumor volume compared with PBS-treated mice (P<0.05; Figure 7b), suggesting that both IFN-γ and TNF-αsecreted by T cells are essential and are associated with the therapeutic efficacy of intratumoral injections with RdB/IL23/p35.