Taken collectively, these data demonstrate that RdB/IL23/p35-treated tumors exhibit simultaneous high expression of Th1 cytokines such as, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, suggesting that RdB/IL23/p35 can shift T cell responses toward the type 1 pattern by enhancing Th1 cytokine in the tumor milieu, leading to enhanced antitumor immunity. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.