The BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 genes are located near linkage peaks for renal dysfunction, and it was hypothesised that genetic polymorphisms in these biological and positional candidate genes may constitute a risk factor for diabetic kidney disease; however, common BMP gene polymorphisms do not strongly influence genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in white individuals with T1D [33]. This evidence concerns the gene BMP4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.