CCL4 and hand, foot and mouth disease: Our data offer several important implications in understanding the immune response during EV71–mediated HFMD, as follows: (a) GM-CSF, IL-2, and MIP-1β were significantly enhanced in the plasma from very severe and severe patients presenting with neurological damage as compared to mild patients and age-matched healthy controls (Figure 2B), suggesting that these factors may potentially predict damage to the nervous system induced by EV71 infection.