PTEN and prostate carcinoma: Although this investigation was conducted in a limited number of PTEN-negative cell lines, the proposed function of ILK in promoting cancer cell aggressiveness is consistent with recent reports that link upregulation of ILK expression with tumor metastasis and progression in prostate cancer, breast cancer, and many other types of human malignancies [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21].