CD40LG and infection: Thus, the first aim of this study was to determine the short-term antihelminthic effects on immunological markers of exposure to schistosome (IgM directed against schistosome cercariae, egg, and adult worms [19]) and malaria (IgM directed against Plasmodium total schizont [20]) infections as well as the effects on antibody responses associated with resistance to infection/reinfection (IgE and IgG4 directed against schistosome cercariae, egg, and adult worms, IgG directed against Plasmodium vaccine candidates MSP-1 and MSP-2 [16, 21–23]) in children aged 3–5 years in Zimbabwe.