TLR4 and autism: Both peri- and prenatal administration of immunomodulatory agents such as TLR3 ligands and viral mimic polyinosine-polycytidylic, or TLR4 ligand and bacterial surrogate lipopolysaccharide, induced the development of schizophrenia- and autism-related behavioral changes including decreased exploratory activity and social interaction as adults.53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58