Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin I–converting enzyme; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A. aEach category is hierarchical (excludes being in above diagnostic category). bA beta-blocker, a calcium channel blocker, or an antiarrhythmic drug having beta-blocker and/or calcium channel antagonistic effects. cNo smoking within 12 months. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.