CCL2 and Insulin resistance: Specifically, inflammatory cytokines derived from adipocytes and macrophages promote the development of insulin resistance in T2D through JNK and/or IKKβ/NF-κB pathways, including changes in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), resistin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) [6-10].