HPSE and diabetic kidney disease: HPSE is involved in pathological processes as follows: i) angiogenesis, metastasis and diffusion of myeloma and malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract and mammary gland (18); ii) tissue repair processes, including liver tissue regeneration, skin wound healing and hair regeneration (19,20); and iii) molecular biological mechanisms of kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (21).