INS and Obesity: Although oestrogen alone does not induce periodontal disease, it alters the periodontal tissue condition in response to the plaque microbiota (Mealey & Moritz 2003, Figuero et al. 2013).That is, systemic inflammation promoted by obesity could influence the production of oestrogen, which, in turn, affects insulin resistance and lipid metabolism and contributes to periodontal disease in females.