The superfamily of MAPK constitutes a second major class of proteins that regulate liver cell survival.7, 26 Among these, the Akt/PI3K signaling pathway has been implicated as a prosurvival signal, and interactions with cFLIP have been observed in lymphocytes and renal epithelial cells.27 Inhibitory serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 decreased in the context of hypoinsulinemia following STZ treatment. The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is Hypoinsulinemia.