AFP and fetal growth restriction: In the absence of fetal chromosomal or structural anomalies, combined mid-trimester elevation in ms-hCG and ms-AFP levels suggest a more complex type of placental pathology which have stronger association with pregnancy complications including: late fetal loss [OR 7.05 (95% CI: 1.18-29.88)], gestational hypertension [OR 0.78 (95% CI: 0.13-3.24)], preeclampsia [OR 6.67 (95% CI: 3.84-11.58)], IUGR [OR 3.54 (95% CI: 1.26-9.14)], preterm delivery [OR 3.20 (95% CI: 1.49-6.61)] and IUFD [OR 6.87 (95% CI: 1.71-22.93)] (3, 4, 23-25, 39, 46, 47).