NFKB1 and prostate cancer: Our results also showed that DU-145 and PC-3 PCa (Figure 5B) cells treated with 160 μM and 75 μM of piperine dose respectively also resulted in the downregulation of NF-kB and phosphorylated STAT-3 expression levels, underscoring the anti-cancer effects of piperine in prostate cancer cells.