GDF15 and spontaneous abortion: We then validated this in a subsequent prospective cohort study of 782 women, which showed serum MIC-1 in early pregnancy to be significantly lower in women who went on to miscarry [multiples of the median (MOM) 0.63 (IQR 0.33–0.88) compared to women with successful pregnancy outcomes (MOM 1.00 (IQR 0.76–1.29) (p = <0.001), with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.73 (95% CI 0.63–0.84) as a single biomarker predictor of miscarriage [13] ].