INS and Insulin resistance: In the logistic regression analysis, the need for insulin therapy was most consistently associated with insulin resistance index-HOMA-IR value (OR 3.37, 95% Cl 2.10, 5.40), and less consistently with fasting glucose (OR 2.61, 95% CL 1.48, 4.50), age (OR 1.54 95% CL 1.12, 2.11), BMI (OR 1.45 95% CL 1.03, 2.03 ) and weight gain at the diagnosis of GDM (OR 0.72 95% CL 0.52, 0.99).