The signaling processes downstream of IGF-1R activation are similar to those of insulin and involve two major signaling pathways, the mitogenic extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the metabolic and antiapoptotic phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, important to the modulation of transcription factors that control gene expression related to cancer development [42, 235]. Here, INS is linked to cancer.