CHUK and ovarian carcinoma: Our previous demonstration of cisplatin-enhanced Raf-1 activity in human ovarian cancer cells (22) suggests that IAP expression may also be upregulated by two alternative signaling pathways involving Raf: i) cisplatin → Ras → PI3K → PDK → Akt → Raf → MEKK1 → IKKα → NF-κB → IAP expression; and ii) cisplatin → Ras → Raf → MEKK1 → IKKα → NF-κB → IAP expression.