Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a reduced plasma adiponectin concentrations [3], reduced number of mitochondria [4], and lower skeletal muscle gene/protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis [5] and oxidative metabolism [6]. The gene discussed is PPARGC1A; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.