TNF and schizophrenia: Cytokine alterations in schizophrenia have been comprehensively investigated in adult schizophrenic patients, with IL-1, 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12 all been observed to increase in schizophrenia, along with TNFα, TGF-β 1, and IFNγ (Gaughran, 2002; Drzyzga et al., 2006; Anderson et al., 2013).