Finally, the finding that the ubiquitin ligase function of the BRCA1: BARD1 is not required for HDR or tumor suppression in the mouse raises the additional question of why missense mutations of BRCA1 that disrupt the BRCA1: BARD1 interaction (e.g., Cys61Gly) lead to cancer in humans and in mice (Drost et al., 2011). Here, BARD1 is linked to cancer.