TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Of note, not all patients respond to anti-TNF therapies and even some of them paradoxically develop anti-TNF-induced autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), T1D, inflammatory bowel disease, vasculitis, lupus, and many others (Perez-Alvarez et al., 2013) suggesting that TNF-α could also have a regulatory role in other human autoimmune conditions.