APP and Alzheimer disease: Of the more than 20 autosomal dominant APP mutations linked to AD that appear to enhance the aggregation of Aβ, only few mutations have been used to generate transgenic mice: V717I “London” mutation (Goate et al., 1991), V717F “Indiana” mutation (Murrell et al., 1991), K670D/M671L “Swedish” mutation (Mullan et al., 1992), and E693G “Artic” mutation (Nilsberth et al., 2001).