MYD88 and infection: TLR4 signaling consists of two distinct pathways: the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway and the TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent pathway [7].The recognition of LPS by TLR4 recruits adaptors, including MyD88, IL-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK), and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) [8], to the infection site which then triggers the activation of a number of intracellular signaling cascades.