We found that the tumour area was reduced by around a third at day 44 in the E6-RHDV-VLP-PADRE vaccinated mice treated with anti-CTLA-4 (Fig. 5b), compared with E6-RHDV-VLP-PADRE vaccinated mice treated with an isotype control antibody (M-W U test; P<0.005). Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.