Samples from leprosy patients showed down-regulation of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 (p<0.05), while IL1β and SOD2 were borderline significant (p<0.1), confirming a repression of these genes by M. leprae ex vivo, as was observed in vitro in THP-1 (Figure 2). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is leprosy.