Similar ambiguity exists for another primary cAMP effector: selective activation of EPAC inhibited the migration of PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells [16], MDCK-GFP-EPAC kidney epithelial cells [28] and H295 adrenocortical carcinoma cells [2], but potentiated migration of SK-Mel-2 melanoma cells [3]. Here, RAPGEF3 is linked to adrenal cortex carcinoma.