PPARD and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Given the key role of the PPAR pathway in the regulation of metabolismtogether with the fact that this pathway was significantly deregulated in liverand white fat from young Rap1-deficient females before theonset of obesity, as well as in the obese mice, we next set out to study theexpression of the three subtypes of PPARs, namely Pparα,Pparγ, and Pparδ/β, aswell as their cofactor Pgc1α, in both liver and gonadalwhite fat samples from young 10-week-old female mice by using qPCR (Figure 6A).