It has been shown that ALI due to LPS instillation results in an increase in the numbers of total cells and neutrophils, as well as various proimflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and increased protein leakage, pulmonary elastance and resistance. Here, TNF is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.