More recently, increases in a number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 [MCP-1], macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α [MIP-1α], eotaxin, granulocyte macrophage CSF [GM-CSF], interferon-alpha [IFN-α]) were observed in patients with PD and PTSD (Hoge et al. 2009). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and post-traumatic stress disorder.