Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an absolute endogenous insulin deficiency, and the finding of osteopenia and OP in these young patients, has led to hypothesis that insulin exerts an anabolic action on bone (Thrailkill et al., 2005); indeed, insufficient skeletal mineralization during puberty has been proposed as a mechanism that may explain lower BMD in T1DM. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.