TNF and acute pancreatitis: The PPAR-γ ligand, troglitazone, has been shown to markedly decrease the severity of pancreatic and pulmonary injury in acute pancreatitis (AP) by reversing the increase in the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in cerulean-induced pancreatitis in mice (20).