MMP9 and cancer: Ovatodiolide also has cytotoxic effects in some human cancer cell lines by inducing apoptotic pathways [46, 47] and has antimetastatic effects by downregulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, therefore inhibiting NFκB-MMP-9 axis activation [48].