PPARD and cardiac hypertrophy: Few studies have shown that PPAR-β/-δ ligands have the potential to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy due to their inhibitory activity on NF-κB transcription factor which produces inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6, and these are secreted by cardiac cells under various pathophysiological stimuli which may participate in myocardial inflammation [163].