Additionally, low expression of the breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) gene – the product of which is a component of the mSin3a family of histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes – was shown to enhance NPC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, and to be associated with poor survival of NPC patients [46]. Here, HDAC9 is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.