GNAL and Dystonia: In just over a year, four new genes have been shown to cause primary dystonia (CIZ1, ANO3, TUBB4A and GNAL) (Charlesworth et al., 2012; Fuchs et al., 2012; Hersheson et al., 2012; Lohmann et al., 2012; Xiao et al., 2012); PRRT2 has been identified as the cause of paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia, and other genes (Wang et al., 2011), such as SLC30A10 and ATP1A3, have been linked to more complicated forms of dystonia or new phenotypes (Heinzen et al., 2012; Quadri et al., 2012; Rosewich et al., 2012; Tuschl et al., 2012).