HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: HMGB1-containing nucleosomes from apoptotic cells have been shown to induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of costimulatory molecules in macrophages and DCs and the administration of HMGB1-nucleosome complexes in mice induces lupus-like autoantibodies (Urbonaviciute et al., 2008; Urbonaviciute and Voll, 2011).