INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: These adipokines contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, most likely via regulating the inflammatory pathway mediated by TNF-α, IL-6, NF-kB, JNK, and IKK and insulin signaling pathway mediated by IRSs, PI3k/Akt, and SOCSs.