REN and diabetes mellitus: Possible pathophysiological mechanisms may include underlying lasting changes in vascular structure in response to under-nutrition in early life, activation of the renin-angiotensin system predisposing to the development of hypertension [28,29], impact on hormonal and metabolic programming resulting in insulin resistance and diabetes [30,31], adverse lipid and thrombogenic profiles [32,33] predisposing to atherogenesis [11,34].