In our laboratory, we recently demonstrated that diabetes induced significant upregulation of the expression of HMGB1, RAGE, activated NF-κB, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the retinas of rats and that intravitreal administration of HMGB1 in normal rats mimics the effect of diabetes. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.