These findings suggest a pathogenic role of HMGB1 in the development of diabetic retinopathy through RAGE and activation of NF-κB. Recently, it was reported that chronic neuroinflammation may be a driving force of progressive neurodegeneration and that HMGB1 provides the link between chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease [15]. Here, AGER is linked to diabetic retinopathy.