ANGPT1 and posterior cortical atrophy: Taken together our findings indicate that elevated Dkk-3 levels in the stromal compartment of BPH and PCa patients enhances (i) fibroblast proliferation and (ii) myofibroblast differentiation, both hallmarks of stromal remodeling and (iii) contribute to the angiogenic switch via suppression of vessel stabilizing angiogenic factors like ANGPT1.